Spanish-English bilingualism in the United States.

I have contributed to the study of the linguistic constraints on Spanish-English code-switching as produced by bilingual Latino speakers in the United States (summarized in the 1985 monograph Linguistic aspects of Spanish-English language shifting. My current project examines the frequently involuntary language-switching among semi-fluent bilinguals, including heritage speakers of Spanish as well as students of Spanish as a second language. Examples range from momentary insertion of phrases like you know, I mean, sorry to complete language shifts under duress (usually from Spanish to English). This line of approach complements well-established research paradigms based on the assumption that fluent bilinguals consciously and deliberately switch languages. The examination of stress-induced language shifts may yield further insight into bilinguals’ simultaneous activation of more than one language.

Representative publications:

 Books:

• Linguistic aspects of Spanish-English language shifting. Arizona State University, Latin American Studies Center, 1985.
• The Language of the isleños of Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990.
• Varieties of Spanish in the United States. Georgetown University Press, 2008.

Articles:

• The role of unintentional/involuntary code-switching: Did I really say that? Spanish-English Codeswitching in the Caribbean and the US, Guzzardo Tamargo, Rosa E., Catherine M. Mazak and M. Carmen Parafita Couto (eds.). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2016.
• Is Spanglish the third language of the South? New perspectives on language variety in the South: historical and contemporary approaches, ed. Michael Picone and Catherine Evans Davies. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2014, pp. 657-677.
• English and Spanish in the United States: language and immigration. Word for word: the social, political and economic impact of English and Spanish in the world/Palabra por palabra: el impacto social, económico y político del español y del inglés. Madrid: Instituto Cervantes and British Council, 2011, pp. 245-255.
• ¿Existe un dialecto estadounidense del español? América en la Lengua Española, V Congreso Internacional de la Lengua Española, Valparaiso, Chile 2010 (www.congresodelalengua.cl/programacion/seccion_i/lipski_john_m.htm)
• Description and beyond: the Southwest at the center. The Spanish of the Southwest: a language in transition, ed. Susana Rivera-Mills and Daniel Villa. Frankfurt and Madrid: Vervuert/Iberoamericana, 2010, pp. 177-184.
• Spanish, English, or Spanglish?: truth and consequences of U. S. Latino bilingualism. Spanish and empire, ed. Nelsy Echávez-Solano and Kenya C. Dworkin y Méndez. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2007, pp. 197-218.
• Bilingual code-switching and linguistic competence. Fourth LACUS Forum. Columbia, SC: Hornbeam Press, l977, pp. 263-77.
• Back to zero or ahead to 2001: issues and challenges in U. S. Spanish research. Spanish in the United States: linguistic issues and challenges, ed. Ana Roca. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press, 2001, pp. 1-41.
• The linguistic situation of Central Americans. New immigrants in the United States, ed. Sandra McKay and Sau Ling Wong. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp.189-215.
• Language--varieties of Spanish spoken, English usage among Hispanics, Spanish in business, the media and other social environments, bilingualism and code-switching. The Hispanic-American almanac, ed. Nicolás Kanellos. Detroit: Gale Research, 1992, pp. 209-227.
• Sabine River Spanish: a neglected chapter in Mexican‑American dialectology. Spanish in the United States: Sociolinguistic Issues, ed. John Bergen. Washington: Georgetown Univ. Press, 1990, pp. 1‑13.
• Houston Spanish or Spanish in Houston?  Hispanics in Houston and Harris County 1519-1986, a sesquicentennial celebration, ed. Dorothy Caram, Anthony Dworkin, Néstor Rodríguez. Houston: Houston Hispanic Forum, 1989, pp. 69-74.
• Sabine River Spanish: vestigial 18th century Mexican Spanish in Texas and Louisiana. Southwest Journal of Linguistics  8 (1985/88), 5‑24.
• Central American varieties, Mexican and Chicano Spanish. Research Issues and Problems in United States Spanish, ed. J. Ornstein, G. Green, D. Bixler‑Marquez. Brownsville: Pan American University, 1988, pp. 157‑169.
• El español del Río Sabinas: vestigios del español mexicano en Luisiana y Texas. Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica 35 (1987), 111-28.
• The construction para atrás among Spanish-English bilinguals: parallel structures and universal patterns. IberoAmericana 28/29 (1987), 87-96.
• Central American Spanish in the United States: El Salvador. Aztlán 17 (1986), 91‑124.
• Salvadorans in the United States: patterns of sociolinguistic integration. National Journal of Sociology 3:1 (1989), 97‑119.
• Realización de /s/ y /n/ en el dialecto isleño de luisiana: remanentes del español canario en Norteamérica. Actas del II Congreso Internacional sobre el Español de América, ed. J. Moreno de Alba. Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1986, pp. 321‑326
• Mexican-American English and Central American English: sociolinguistic mirror images. Focus on the Caribbean, ed. M. Görlach, J. Holm. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1986, pp. 191-208.
• Spanish in U. S. broadcasting: discovering and setting the standards. Spanish Language Use And Public Life in the U. S., ed. Lucía Elías-Olivares, et. al. The Hague: Mouton, l985, pp. 217-33.
• The construction pa(ra) atrás in bilingual Spanish-English communities. Revista/Review Interamericana 15 (1985), 91‑102.
• Reducción de /s/ y /n/ en el español isleño de Luisiana: vestigios del español canario en Norteamérica. Revista de Filología de La Laguna 4 (1985), 125‑133.
• The impact of Louisiana isleño Spanish on historical dialectology. Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 7 (1984-87), 102-15.
• The language battle in Puerto Rico. Revista Interamericana 5 (1975) 346-54.
• Bilingual language switching and the problem of linguistic competence. Aspects of bilingualism, ed. Michel Paradis. Columbia, SC: Hornbeam Press, 1978, pp. 250‑64.
• Bilingual code-switching and internal competence. Le langage et l’Homme 42 (1980), 30-39.
• Bilingual language-switching: models and methods. Bilingual Review 9 (1982) 191-212.
• Patterns of pronominal evolution in Cuban-American bilinguals. Spanish in contact: issues in bilingualism, ed. Ana Roca, John Jensen. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press, 1996, pp. 159-186.
• Spanish-English code-switching among semi-fluent bilinguals: towards an expanded typology. Sociolinguistic Studies 8 (2014), 23-55.
• Hacia una dialectología del español estadounidense. El español en Estados Unidos: ¿et pluribus unum? un enfoque multidisciplinario, ed. Domnita Dumitrescu. New York: Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española, 2013, pp. 107-127.
• Code-switching or Borrowing?  No sé so no puedo decir, you know. Selected Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics, ed. Lotfi Sayahi and Maurice Westmoreland. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press, 2005, pp. 1-15.
• La lengua española en los Estados Unidos: avanza a la vez que retrocede. Revista Española de Lingüística 33 (2004), 231-260.
• Bilingual contact phenomena in Louisiana isleño Spanish. American Speech 62 (1987) 320-331.
• El español vestigial de Estados Unidos. Estudios Filológicos 21 (1986), 7-22.